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Whereas the environment to a large extent determines the condition of a male, the threshold response of what morph a male of a certain condition develops into, is in many species under polygenic control and heritable (Oliveira et al., 2008). In many male dimorphic species, male morph expression is a conditional strategy (Oliveira et al., 2008), so that the specific (permanent) morph a male develops into depends on its condition during a critical point in ontogeny. There are usually two phenotypes: fighters and sneakers.

Typically, ARTs occur in one of the sexes, often the male, and are discrete phenotypes with distinct mating tactics (Oliveira et al., 2008). Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are extreme forms of such phenotypic variation within single populations, and arise over evolutionary time when there is high competition for mates (Oliveira et al., 2008). When the contrasting demographic rates of alternative phenotypes are mediated through frequency and/or density dependence (Oliveira et al., 2008), which can be differentially affected by selection (Sinervo, Svensson, & Comendant, 2000), eco‐evolutionary feedbacks are likely to occur. The alternative phenotypes typically exhibit contrasting demographic rates: For example, mating and life cycle phenotypes differ in reproductive strategy and output, growth and even survival rates. multiple reproductive bouts) (Oliveira, Taborsky, & Brockmann, 2008).

unarmed) or life cycle phenotypes (single vs.

One type of characters, or phenotypes, that are particularly likely to be influenced by both ecological and evolutionary processes are polymorphisms of discrete alternative phenotypes examples of which include mating phenotypes in males (major vs.

Understanding the mechanisms of how a phenotypic character distribution of individuals within a population changes over time is a first step towards understanding how the joint dynamics of ecological and evolutionary processes affect populations (Smallegange & Coulson, 2013), of which we still know remarkably little (Hendry, 2016).